KALTECH — Provisional Patent Confidential · not yet filed
A five-minute brief for counsel

A machine that decides, on its own battery,
whether a bearing is dying.

Every claim in this application protects one idea: the diagnosis happens inside the sensor bolted to the machine — not in a cloud, not on an analyst's laptop — and the sensor uses that diagnosis to decide when to wake up next.

A bearing failing in real time. The spikes are metal striking a defect once per revolution — the signal every claim below is built to catch.
In plain language

Industrial machines vibrate. A failing bearing changes that vibration in ways a trained analyst can read. We put the analyst's skills onto a coin-cell-powered chip, so 500 machines get watched continuously instead of 20 machines getting visited quarterly.

SCOPE

27 claims

6 independent, 21 dependent. Every independent claim ties to physical hardware — deliberate, to survive Section 3(k) in India.

EVIDENCE

20 experiments

Validated on 8+ public datasets from five countries, plus two blind tests where labels were hidden until after the run.

DRAWINGS

29 figures

Including a dedicated Section 3(k) panel showing each claim's physical hardware effect.

The problem the patent solves

Everyone else either guesses on a timer, or ships the raw data to a cloud.

HOW THE INDUSTRY DOES IT

Fixed schedules and fixed thresholds

A sensor wakes every hour regardless of whether anything is happening, and raises an alarm when a number crosses a line. It wastes battery on healthy machines and misses slow degradation that never crosses the line.

WHAT WE CLAIM INSTEAD

The rate of change decides everything

We measure how fast each indicator is moving relative to that specific machine's own normal variability — then use that to set both the alarm and the time until the next measurement. A machine that starts changing gets watched more closely, automatically.

Why this matters legally

The competitor patents in this space claim adjusting sampling based on a condition, or correlating patterns across a fleet. Ours is driven by a single machine's own rate of change, normalised by its own baseline — a structurally different mechanism, which is the foundation of our freedom-to-operate position.

The 27 claims, in order

Six independent inventions, and what each one actually says

Independent claims stand alone. Dependent claims narrow one of them — each adds a specific technique we can point to in a courtroom and in a lab.

CLAIM 1
Scheduling by rate of change
7 tiers8 learning9 run-check10 cross-axis11 4 sensors17 rare-TX18 tachless19 gate27 ω² law
CLAIM 2
Spiky-before-big damage staging
stands alone
CLAIM 3
Anonymous cross-plant learning
12 embeddings13 commissioning
CLAIM 4
Whole pipeline on the device
14 capture length15 shadow check16 cross-axis20 cascade22 thresholds23 fallback24 interlock25 physics labels26 39-yr archive
CLAIM 5
The hardware system
21 cascade system
CLAIM 6
Cadence, mains or battery
closes the loophole

Six pillars, twenty-one narrowing claims. Coral chips were added during July 2026.

The six independent claims

Claim 1Rate-of-change adaptive schedulingCore

A battery sensor wakes on a hardware clock alarm, measures vibration, scores urgency across six independent dimensions, and programs its own next wake-up time from that score.

The load-bearing dimension is D2 — the slope of each feature divided by how much that feature normally wobbles on this machine. Not a threshold.
Claim 2Impulsiveness / energy decouplingCore

Early bearing damage makes vibration spikier before it makes it bigger. We claim using the divergence between those two measures to stage the damage, name the fault, schedule the next scan, and check the sensor is still healthy — all from one ratio.

Claim 3Anonymous cross-plant learningCore

Fault patterns from one customer's machines help diagnose another's, shared as anonymised mathematical fingerprints rather than raw data, with a minimum number of contributing sites before any pattern can be used.

Deliberately limited to a retrieval engine — it returns similar past cases, it can never produce a diagnosis by itself. That limitation is what separates it from US 9,835,594.
Claim 4The complete pipeline on the deviceCoreStrongest

Three-axis measurement, hundreds of extracted features, a neural network, a physics rule engine, the verdict, the remaining-life estimate and the next-scan decision — all executed on a battery-powered microcontroller. No prior art puts the whole chain on the device.

Claim 5The systemCore

The hardware embodiment: vibration, ultrasonic, and temperature sensing in one battery unit with the processing and radio, plus the server that receives it.

Claim 6Cadence control, mains or batteryCore

The scheduling invention again, written so it also covers permanently-powered installations — closing the loophole of copying the method on a mains-powered box.

The dependent claims that carry the most weight

Claim 7Four-tier gated verdict

No single measurement, however extreme, can raise an alarm alone. Higher severity demands more independent indicators agreeing.

We measured it: extreme spikiness alone gives a 36.6% false-alarm rate on healthy machines. Requiring corroboration takes it under 1%.
CRITICALAn extreme reading AND a second, unrelated indicator confirming it isn't a measurement glitch
CONFIRMEDTwo independent indicators agreeing — no single reading can reach this level
DEVELOPINGSeveral features drifting together from this machine's own normal — the earliest catch
HEALTHYNothing above fired
Claim 8Learning from the repair, not from retrainingStrongest — no prior art found

When a technician closes a work order saying "you were right" or "you were wrong", the system moves that specific machine's thresholds up or down. Wrong alarm raises the bar; missed fault lowers it. The neural network is never retrained.

Also covers the commissioning window: for the first ten scans the machine is protected by absolute severity limits while it learns its own normal.
Claims 18–19Shaft speed without a tachometer

The sensor works out how fast the shaft is turning from the vibration itself, then also measures how much that speed wobbled during the measurement — and throws away any measurement taken while the machine was speeding up or slowing down.

This is what makes variable-speed machines (rail wheelsets, wind turbines, drive-controlled motors) work with the same hardware. It's also the claim the Emerson patent family sits nearest to — see the FTO section.
Claims 20–22Two independent opinions, and an honest "I don't know"

A physics rule engine and a neural network classify the fault separately from the same data. A fixed routing rule decides which to publish — and when they disagree without either being confident, the output is literally UNCERTAIN, with both opinions attached.

No commercial system surveyed — SKF, Emerson, Augury, GE, Schaeffler, Brüel & Kjær — exposes "uncertain" as a real output. They all publish a single confident-looking answer.
Claim 23When the AI meets a bearing it never trained on

The system detects that the neural network is out of its depth and falls back to physics automatically.

Proven on a bearing type absent from training: the network alone collapsed to 3.9% accuracy. The physics path held 100% precision on outer-race faults.
Claim 24Catching the confidently-wrong answerAdded Jul 2026

A statistical distance check that flags input unlike anything in training even when the network reports high confidence — the failure mode Claim 23's confidence test cannot see.

Claim 25The physics engine teaches the neural networkAdded Jul 2026

Training labels are generated by our own physics engine rather than by hand, and only windows that show the fault on their own are labelled faulty.

Measured effect: healthy-machine accuracy rose 62.4% → 89.4% while fault detection also rose 98.2% → 99.8%. Both directions improved, which is unusual.
Claim 26The machine's whole life, stored in the sensorAdded Jul 2026

Every scan's verdict is written to the sensor's own memory in a way that survives power loss — 85,680 records, roughly 39 years of history, readable from the sensor alone with no server and no network.

Claim 27Proving imbalance from physics, with no tachometerNewest — Jul 2026

Centrifugal force grows with the square of speed. As the machine naturally runs at different speeds over weeks, the sensor accumulates the relationship and checks whether vibration follows that squared law — confirming true imbalance and ruling out misalignment and looseness.

Validated on 880 public recordings: fired on 133 files, every one genuinely imbalanced, with zero false alarms across all 547 healthy and misaligned controls.
Evidence in the specification

Twenty experiments — including two where we did not know the answers

9 / 9faults found on a rig the system had never seen, labels hidden until after (JNU blind test)
0 / 547false alarms from the imbalance law across every healthy and misaligned control file
100%outer-race precision retained on an untrained bearing type, where the AI alone fell to 3.9%
What was testedResultSupports
Blind test, unseen rig — labels revealed only after the runAll 9 faults detected from a cold start, with no history for the machineClaims 7, 8
Physics-taught training — 2,348 held-out measurementsHealthy accuracy 62.4% → 89.4%; fault detection 98.2% → 99.8%Claim 25
Unfamiliar bearing geometry — 2,463 measurementsAI alone 3.9%; physics fallback held 100% outer-race precisionClaim 23
Two opinions vs one — 7,730 clean-label measurementsAccuracy score 0.524 → 0.641 with no retrainingClaims 20–22
Imbalance squared-law — 880 public recordings133 correct firings, zero false alarms on 547 controlsClaim 27
Chip vs reference maths — 180 real run-to-failure windows180/180 agreement, zero decisions flipped at the boundaryClaim 24

Every figure above is drawn from a logged experiment recorded in the specification. Nothing is projected or modelled.

Freedom to operate

Can we be sued for building this?

Freedom to operate asks a different question from patentability. Not "is it new?" but "does building it step on a live patent?" To infringe, we must perform every step of one of their claims. Missing a single required step means no infringement.

India, GCC, South-East Asia — clear

Our primary markets

The dangerous competitor family never entered the Indian national phase, and its international application has lapsed. All eight innovations appear clear here — which is exactly where we file first.

United States — one item to construe

Augury US 11,493,379, claim 48

Claims adjusting sampling based on a "condition indication". Ours is a six-dimensional urgency score whose main driver is rate of change against the machine's own baseline. Structurally different — but this is the one that needs formal construction before any US filing.

The Emerson speed-estimation family — assessed 1 August 2026

This is the family sitting closest to Claims 18, 19 and 27, and the reason we checked it: it is the patent behind the licensed "Speed Estimate" feature in Emerson's own wireless vibration transmitter.

Their patent family

Match a template to one snapshot

Guess a speed → draw where its harmonics would fall (grey ticks) → measure the gap to each real peak → total the error → keep the best guess. One spectrum, frozen in time.
KALTECH Claim 18

Follow the peak through time

Dozens of overlapping slices → in each, keep the peak that continues smoothly from the last → the path is the speed, and how much it wavers is a second output we use to reject bad measurements.
Low risk — we do not perform their method
What their every claim requiresWhat we actually do
Guess a speed, draw where its harmonics would land, measure how far the real peaks sit from those positions, add up the errors, and pick the best-scoring guessNothing like it. We follow the peak through dozens of overlapping time slices and keep the one that moves smoothly — tracking motion, not matching a template
Produce one speed numberProduce the speed and how much it wobbled, then use the wobble to discard untrustworthy measurements
Stops at "analyse the data using that speed"Feed it into rate-of-change trending, permanent on-sensor history, and the sleep scheduler
Nothing comparableClaim 27 — the squared-law imbalance test appears nowhere in their family
The honest caveat for the call

Their 2024 continuation dropped the requirement that a user type in the nominal speed, and instead derives the search range from the machine's history — which is closer to how we set our search band. It still does not reach us, because that claim also requires the harmonic-matching step we never perform. Counsel should pull the two continuation patents' claims word-for-word; our reading of the newest one came from a summary, not the verbatim text.

Where this goes next

File in India first, then decide the rest within twelve months

STEP ONE

Indian provisional

Not yet filed. India is freedom-to-operate clear across all eight innovations, and is the launch market.

STEP TWO

PCT within 12 months

Buys 30 months to choose national phases while the product finds its markets.

OPEN QUESTIONS

For counsel

Construe Augury claim 48; pull the two Emerson continuations verbatim; confirm the competitor family never entered India; confirm startup fee reduction.